Key Vocab
Key Vocabulary Terms to Complement Algorithm Studying
Unit 2 - Binary/Data Terms
Bits - Bytes - Hexadecimal/Nibbles
Bits and Bytes:
- Bits and Bytes are binary digits, or bits for short
- Single Bits are too small to be much use, so they are grouped together into units of 8 bits.
- Each 8-bit unit is called a byte
Hexadecimals/Nibbles:
- Hexadecmial is a base-16 numbering system that uses the digits 0 through 9 and the letters A through F to represent data, including nibbles and bytes
- Nibbles can be represented by a hexadecimal digit
Bits: A bit or a binary digit, is the smallest unit of data that a computer can process and store. A bit can be one of 2 physical states, such as either 0 or 1, yes or no, and true or false.
Bytes: A byte is a unit of data that is eight bits long. It is used by computers to represent a character such as a letter or number symbol.
Hexadecimal: Hexadecimal is a numbering system with base 16. There are 16 symbols or possible digit values from 0 to 9, followed by six alphabetic characters -- A, B, C, D, E and F. It can be used to represent large numbers with fewer digits.
Binary Numbers
Unsigned Integer: Numbers without + or - sign, only representing the magnitude not the direction. Used when we know that the value we are storing will always be non-negative
Ex. 1, 2, 3, 4
Signed Integer: The default where the variable can hold positive or negative numbers
Ex. -1, 6, -29, 1000
Floating Point: Positive or negative whole number with a decimal point. Used to represent real numbers and is written with a decimal point dividing the integer and fractional parts
Ex. 1.23, 87.425, and -9039454.2, NOT 101, -3, 18203
Binary Data Abstractions:
Boolean: Variable type that represents one of two values: True or False.
A = 200
B = 33
If b > a:
print(“b is greater than a”)
If a > b:
print(“a is greater than b”)
ASCII: Stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. ASCII was first created when all people wanted computers to be able to show was numbers, letters, punctuation, and non-printing commands(Enter, Delete, F1).. All ASCII encoded character can be represented by 1 byte, or 8 bits for a total of 2^8 = 127 different total characters.
Ex. lowercase “h” character → 104 (D) → 01101000(B)
Unicode: today, people use emojis and new symbols like other languages and stuff and computers needed to be able to represent all that. Unicode is a new standard defining an association between characters and even more numbers. Each unicode character (utf8) is 4 bytes, or 32 bits, enough for 2^32 different characters. Most modern programming languages represent strings as utf8 encoded characters (hex) because people use these new symbols in their code, but old languages like C still associat either character type with a single byte integer
RGB: RGB (red, green, and blue) refers to a system for representing the colors to be used on a computer display.These 3 colors can be combined in various proportions to obtain any color in the visible spectrum.
Ex. rgb(255, 0, 0) = red because red is set to its highest value (255), and the other two (green and blue) are set to 0.
Data Compression
Lossy: a techinique that reduces file size by discarding less important information
Lossless (unit 3): Every bit of data originally in a file remains after it is uncompressed, and all the information is restored.
Variables:An abstraction inside a program that holds a specific value or meaning defined by the programmer.
Data Types:
Integer- highScore (involves math, save as integer or numbers)
String- firstName (name is text, so it is a string)
Boolean- isSunny (2 options, true or false)
String- phoneNumber (no math, just numbers)
x = 22
print (x)
y = 9
y+=2
print(y)
y-=2
print(y)
y/=2
print(y)
y%=2
print(y)
y*=2
print(y)